Photographs, Paintings or Drawings
Title: Medieval Carpenters Axe
Creator: Kirsten Christiansen, Joan F. Davidson, Niels Knud Liebgott, Anne-Marie Lindgren eds.
Archive or Repository: "Margrete I, Regent of the North. The Kalamar Union 600 years. "
Collection or Fond: Essays and Catalogue. Coepnhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and the National Museum
Reference Number: page 322, # 108
Notes: Length 30.7cm, Width 19.5cm
Title: Axeheads lost in the Batlle on the Grathe Moors Denmark 23 Oct. 1157
Creator: Niels-Knud Liebgott
Archive or Repository: "Middelalderen, "vol.3: "Broderstrid og Kulturliv (The Middle Ages- War between Brothers and Cultural Situation)
Collection or Fond: Copenhagen
Title: Gränsfors axes 4- lumber axes, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Personal Collection
Title: Gränsfors axes 7, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: In Gränsfors Bruk Museum, Hälsingland, Sweden
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Gränsfors axes 6, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: In Gränsfors Bruk Museum, Hälsingland, Sweden
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Gränsfors axe 9, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: In Gränsfors Bruk Museum, Hälsingland, Sweden
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Gränsfors axes 10, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: In Gränsfors Bruk Museum, Hälsingland, Sweden
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Gränsfors axes 14, 19th century
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: In Gränsfors Bruk Museum, Hälsingland, Sweden
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Axeheads from Nœsholm, Denmark late 13th century
Creator: Vilhelm La Cour
Archive or Repository: "Nœsholm"
Collection or Fond: Copenhagen: The National Museum.
Reference Number: page 185
Title: Axehead, Whaling axe? Burr's Hill mid-17th century
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
Reference Number: #8/5123
Title: Axehead, mid- 17th century, Fort Saint-Pierre, Cape Breton, N.S.
Creator: Derek Harrison
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada
Reference Number: # 18B-358T
Title: Hegranes thing buđ
Creator: Birgitta Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: The building appears as a slight depression surrounded by low ridges
Title: Photo turret
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal collection
Notes: Camera can be raised 16m
Title: Reconstructed Viking Age shoe from Haithabu
Creator: Dubbott
Archive or Repository: Schleswig Museum
Notes: There were several types of shoes and boots. This was one of the most common models.
Title: Map made by Hans Poulson Resen, 1605
Creator: Hans Poulson Resen
Archive or Repository: Manuscript Department, Royal Library Copenhagen
Notes: Anonymous map added to by Hans Resen completed in 1605 in preparation for a Danish expedition to Greenland. Texts in Latin mentioned 15th and 16th century explorations. At the bottom of the map is Nova Scotia with Cape Breton. North of there is the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Newfoundland is attached to the mainland. Northern Newfoundland is marked [[underline]]Promontorium Vinlandia bone forte Vinlandia pucræ [[/]] (The promontory of Vinland the very good and beautiful).
Title: Air Photo 17543-55
Creator: Geological Survey of Canada
Notes: By printing these photos and placing one partially over the other, you should have a stereoscopic view of the site. A stereoscoptic viewer is necessary.
Title: Air Photo 17543-56
Creator: Geological Survey of Canada
Notes: By printing these photos and placing one partially over the other, you should have a stereoscopic view of the site. A stereoscoptic viewer is necessary.
Title: Overhead photo of Swedish burial 2
Creator: E. Nylén and B. Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Erik Nylén and Björn Ambrosiani, "A Turret for Vertical Photography"
Title: Overhead photo of Swedish burial 3
Creator: E. Nylén and B. Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Erik Nylén and Björn Ambrosiani, "A Turret for Vertical Photography"
Reference Number: page 53
Title: Italian axe, c. 1730- 1746 in Tojhusmusset, Denmark
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Viking axehead, Thröttens parish Gudbrandsdalen, Norway. 11th-12th century.
Creator: B. Wallace
Title: Axehead from Cupids, Newfoundland, 1610- 1660
Creator: William Gilbert
Publisher: Baccalieu Trail Heritage Corporation
Title: Swedish Amulets of Female Figures
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: 10035, Bj968,128
Notes: Four small amulets showing women in long dress and shawls from Sweden. The first one also has a necklace. She appears to be wearing a jumper over a pleated dress with a train. All have elaborate hairdos, although the last one may be wearing a cap. This figure is carrying a drinking horn and probably represents a valkyrie. the amulets are of bronze and silver; the largest is 3.2 cm high. From left to right they are from Tuna, Uppland, Statens Historiska, Stockholm #10035 Birka, Uppland,Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm [2 and 3] # Bj968 Köping, Öland, Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm #128
Title: Imported glasses found at Birka, Sweden
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: burial 577, 649. 644
Notes: Glasses found in burials in the Swedish trading town Birka. Glasses 1 & 2 are from burial 577, 3 from 649, and 4 from 644.
Title: Weapons from Norway and Sweden on exhibit at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, 1968-1971
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Viking weapons: axes, swords, spears, and bow and arrows. Shields were of wood reinforced with iron and covered with leather. The shield is a reconstruction; the iron rim and grip are original.
Title: Viking helmet from Gjermunbu, Ringerike, Norway. C 950
Creator: Peter Harholdt for Smithsonian Institution
Archive or Repository: Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Oslo
Title: Statuette of Frey
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Statens Historika Museum, Stockholm
Notes: Small bronze statuette depicting the god Frey. Frey is wearing a typical conical Viking helmet.
Title: Oseberg ship dating to c. 835
Creator: M. Graham Netting
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Reference Number: #6142
Notes: The ship is in the Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway.
Title: Carving on Hylestad church, Setesdal, Norway
Creator: Erik Nylén
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Agency
Collection or Fond: Cultural Resources Archaeology collections, Halifax
Notes: Wood carving on church door showing the mythical smith Regin forging a sword for the legendary hero Sigurd. Regin is working the sword with his hammer and tong. Sigurd is fanning the forge fire by pumping the bellows.
Title: Ropes from the Oseberg Ship
Creator: Universitetets Oldsaksamling
Archive or Repository: Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway
Notes: Rope stumps from the Oseberg ship, probably from the rigging, c. 835.
Title: Steering oar, Oseberg ship dating to c. 835
Creator: M. Graham Netting
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA
Reference Number: #6142
Notes: Steering oar, Oseberg ship dating to c. 835. The ship is in the Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway.
Title: Viking Iron Kettle
Creator: Erik Nylén
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Agency
Collection or Fond: Cultural Resources Archaeology collections, Halifax
Notes: Reproduction of Viking iron kettle and stripod from which it was suspeneded.
Title: Smoothing board and slickstone from Birka, Sweden, 10th century
Creator: ATA
Notes: "Ironing" board of whalebone and slick stone of glass. The wet garment was put on the board and rubbed hard with a "stone" of glass until it was smooth. The garment was then left flat until dry. This method was best suited for smaller items like blouses and head-dresses. The same method smoothing was used throughout the 19th century. It makes linen as smooth, shiny and stiff as if it had been starched.
Title: Viking Ship Fleet Carving
Creator: Unknown
Archive or Repository: Bergen Museum, Bergen, Oslo
Notes: Fleet of Viking ships carved on a wooden stick.
Title: C-14 Stump
Creator: G. Vandervloogt
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-68E2-2
Notes: The outer rings of one of the branches were radiocarbon-dated by the Isotrace Laboratory at the University of Toronto according to the AMS-method to AD 1000 ą10. (TO-119).
Title: Vikings in Hall A
Creator: Parks Canada
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada photo collection, St. John's
Notes: Re-enactors in the hall A replica.
Title: William Munn
Creator: Unknown
Archive or Repository: The Evening Telegraph Ltd., St. John's
Notes: The first to suggest that L'Anse aux Meadows was the site where Leif Eriksson stepped ashore was the Newfoundlander William Munn. He wrote a series of articles on this topic for "The Evening Telegram" in St. John's, Newfoundland, which were published in 1914 in a small book, [[italics]]The Vineland Voyages. The Location of Helluland, Markland and Vinland from the Icelandic Sagas[[/]].
Title: The Charcoal Kiln
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1850T
Notes: Model showing the making of charcoal in a pit 7 m southwest of the furnace hut. Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site
Title: Hall F Under Construction
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1840T
Notes: Model showing hall F during construction. Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Foot Print of Hall F
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The footprint of hall F, the largest and most complex hall on the site. Only chieftains lived in halls of this kind. The founder and leader of the L'Anse aux Meadows settlement would have resided here.
Title: Mooring Holes and Chisels
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The shapes of holes drilled in rocks with hand-held chisels differ according to the shape of the chisel.
Title: Hut E and Bog
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1843T
Notes: Hut E such as it would have been in the 11th century. Facing west. Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Model of D-E Complex
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1861T
Notes: Model of how the D-E complex would have appeared in the 11th century. Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Comic, Ten Mile lake Mooring Hole
Creator: Unknown
Archive or Repository: Lake Park Region Echo
Notes: An artist's rendering of how a mooring hole was used.
Title: Kouchibouguac River and Lagoon, Kouchibouguac National Park, NB
Creator: Parks Canada
Archive or Repository: Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick
Title: Kouchibouguac lagoons behind sandbars
Creator: A. Dufresne
Archive or Repository: Kouchibouguac National Park, Kouchibouguac, New Brunswick.
Title: Model, A-B-C Complex
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1853T
Notes: Model of the A-B-C complex, facing northwest. The complex contains dwellings for three different social classes: a large hall for chieftain and his staff, a small house for some of his employees, and a small primitive hut, probably for slaves. Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site
Title: Bundle of spruce roots after conservation
Creator: Daniel Crawford
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1196T
Notes: Parks Canada Archaeology Laboratory Halifax catalogue # 4A71K4-2
Title: Cut Post
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Notes: Log of Balsam fir, cut with a metal adze. Parks Canada Archaeology Laboratory, Halifax. Catalogue # 4A73H3-1.
Title: Full-scale Replicas of the Three Buildings in the A-B-C Complex
Creator: A. Corneiller
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada, St. John's
Title: Activities at L'Anse aux Meadows, Net Making
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Model made by David Caldwell for the Smithsonian Institution. Now in the City Museum, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Title: Mending a Sail
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: The sails had to be kept in good condition. Model made by David Caldwell for the Smithsonian Institution. Now in the City Museum, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Title: Cutting up Whale Meat
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Whale meat was on the menu, probably from a beached whale. Model made by David Caldwell for the Smithsonian Institution. Now in the City Museum, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Title: Boat Repair
Creator: Tom Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1844A
Notes: The boats needed to be in good shape. Model by David Caldwell.
Title: Cutting Sod
Creator: Tom Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1837A
Notes: Model of 11th-century L'Anse aux Meadows showing sod being cut for house construction. About 1100 cubic metres of sod would have been required for the L'Anse aux Meadows buildings. Model by David Caldwell
Title: Boats in Bog
Creator: Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Notes: Model by David Coldwell, on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Swedish boat nails from a boat burial at Ultuna, Uppland
Creator: Statens Historiska Museum
Archive or Repository: Statents Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: catalogue number 21,264
Title: Viking Period Swedish spindle whorls, exact provenience unknown
Creator: Statens Historiska Museum
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: catalogue number 6819
Notes: The object in the upper left corner is a "slick stone" of glass.
Title: Fragmentary Boat Nail
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-141W
Notes: Fragmentary boat nail. The shank has been cut, and the head is missing, but the rove remains. Parks Canada Archaeology catalogue number 4A76J2-1&2. On exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Kensington Stone Runes
Creator: Joanne Ertzman
Notes: Compare these runes to those in the Script section and see where you think they fit best.
Title: Erdahl Axe
Creator: O.G. Landsverk
Notes: Axe found at Erdahl, Grant County, MN, reputed to have belonged to members of the 14th-century expedition commemorated in the Kensington stone inscription. Collection: Mr. Ted Field, Madison, WI
Title: Viking
Creator: ATA, Stockholm
Notes: 11-th century carving on a knife handle from Sigtuna, Sweden. Sigtuna Museum.
Title: Female
Creator: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Notes: Viking Age amulet in the shape of a female from a Boat burial in Tuna, Alsike paruis, Uppland, Sweden.
Title: Electromagnetic Survey Glaumbaer, Iceland
Creator: Paul Steinberg
Archive or Repository: Paul Steinberg photo collection
Notes: Electromagnetic survey of a farm at Glaumbaer in northern Iceland by the American archaeologist Paul Steinberg. Via the survey the presence of Viking Age hall could be documented.
Title: Fragment of bone needle found in the longfire in hall D
Creator: George Vandervloogt
Collection or Fond: Parks Canada Archaeology laboratory
Reference Number: 4A600A1-76
Title: The Ariani Baptistery in Ravenna, Italy 5th, Century
Creator: Adrian Fletcher
Archive or Repository: www.paradoxplace.com
Notes: The Newport Tower was compared to baptisteries like this. The columns of the tower were believed to have had a surround similar to this.
Title: Whetstone from Timans, Gotland, Sweden. The runic inscription lists places visited by Vikings: Greece, Jerusalem, Iceland & the Middle East.
Creator: Gotlands Fornsal
Archive or Repository: Gotlands Fornsal, Visby, Sweden
Title: Swedish silver hoard with jewellery and Arabic coins obtained via trade or raids. Found at Eskiltuna, Sweden.
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Antikvariska-topografiska arkivet, Stockholm
Reference Number: 1834:32
Title: Reconstruction of the Äskekärr ship. C. 930.
Creator: Göteborgs arkeologiska museum
Archive or Repository: Göteborgs arkeologiska museum, Gothenburg, Sweden
Title: Statuette of the god Thor, Eyrarland, Iceland.
Creator: Ūjķđminjasafn Íslands
Archive or Repository: National Museum of Iceland, Reykjavik
Title: Replica of Viking Age silver amulet in form of the head of a man, found at Aska, Sweden.
Creator: Verner Wicke
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada
![Runestone from Spelvik, Södermanland, Sweden, stating that 'Grytgarđr, Einriđi, the sons, made [this stone] in honour of their brave father. Guđver was west in England; ransom he got, forts in Saxony he attacked like a man'.](../../images/site/165679_1.jpg)
Title: Runestone from Spelvik, Södermanland, Sweden, stating that 'Grytgarđr, Einriđi, the sons, made [this stone] in honour of their brave father. Guđver was west in England; ransom he got, forts in Saxony he attacked like a man'.
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, Stockholm
Collection or Fond: Sö 166 Spelvik, Grinda
Reference Number: 1108:33
Title: Runestone at Altuna, Sweden, showing the god Thor struggling with the World Serpent.
Creator: ATA
Archive or Repository: Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, Stockholm, Sweden
Collection or Fond: U 1161, Altuna, Uppland
Reference Number: A299:125
Title: 9th and 10th-century axes from Solna, Sweden
Creator: Järnålderskatalogen
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: 26984 Up
Title: 11th-century axe from Sweden
Creator: Statens Historiska Museum
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Title: Small bronze balance used in trading for weighing precious metals. From Öland, Sweden.
Creator: Statens Historiska Museum
Archive or Repository: Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: 6819:536
Title: Dorset statuette of man in fur clothes
Creator: Hans Lange, Greenland National Museum and Archives
Archive or Repository: Greenland National Museum and Archives
Title: Dorset statuette of man in fur clothes
Creator: Hans Lange, Greenland National Museum and Archives
Archive or Repository: Greenland National Museum and Archives
Title: A Viking couple.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Exhibit 'Vikings,' Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA
Title: Engraving of Dighton Rock, Sent to Rafn 1830
Creator: Carl Christian Rafn
Archive or Repository: Antiquitates Americanæ
Reference Number: Figure X
Title: Drawings of Dighton Rock, sent to Rafn 1830
Creator: Carl Christian Rafn
Archive or Repository: Antiquitates Americanæ
Reference Number: Figure XI
Title: Hauk's Book beginning
Creator: Carl Christian Rafn
Archive or Repository: ANTIQUITATES AMERICANAE SIVE SCRIPTORES SEPTENTRIONALES RERUM ANTE-COLUMBIANARUM IN AMERICA. Hafniae [Copenhagen]
Notes: The beginning of Hauk's Book.
Title: A page from Flat Island Book
Creator: Carl Christian Rafn
Archive or Repository: ANTIQUITATES AMERICANAE SIVE SCRIPTORES SEPTENTRIONALES RERUM ANTE-COLUMBIANARUM IN AMERICA. Hafniae [Copenhagen]
Title: Rafn's Vinland
Creator: Carl Christian Rafn
Archive or Repository: Antiquitates Americanæ
Reference Number: Fig. XVII (17)
Title: Catherwood's Drawing of Newport Tower, 1838
Creator: Frederick Catherwood
Archive or Repository: Royal Danish Library, Copenhagen
Collection or Fond: Manuscript Department
Reference Number: NKS 1599-2ē -7, no.1
Notes: This is the drawing sent by the Massachusetts Historical Society to Carl Christian Rafn in Copenhagen. The drawing makes the tower look much bigger and more carefully built than it actually is.
Title: Eastman's 1856 drawing of the Newport Tower
Creator: Captain Seth Eastman
Notes: Henry R. Schoolcraft considered Catherwood's drawing misleading and commissioned Captain Seth Eastman to make a new, more correct representation. It was published as Plate XV (15) in Volume I of his monumental work "Historical and statistical information respecting the history, condition, and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States; collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs per act of Congress of March 3rd, 1847".
Title: Flateyarbķk
Creator: Arthur Middleton Reeves
Archive or Repository: Finding of Wineland the Good
Title: Map of the World as envisioned in the 11th century
Creator: Axel Anton Bjørnbo
Archive or Repository: "Adam of Bremen's Nordensopfattelse," Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, ["Adam of Bremen's Concept of the North," Journal of Scandinavian Antiquities and History,
Reference Number: volume 24: 120-224
Notes: The world as Adam of Bremen imagined it. Reconstruction by the Danish geographer A.A. Bjørnbo 1909.
Title: Maria Klagan (The Wailing of Mary), ms. Royal Library, Stockholm.
Creator: Unknown
Editor: Henrick Schück and Karl Warburg
Publication: Illustrerard svensk litteraturhistoria, vol. 1.
Publisher: Hugo Gebers Förlag
Pages: 123
Notes: 14th century poem in Old Danish written with 14th century runes.
Title: Vikings in long baggy pants on picture stone from När, Smiss, Gotland, Sweden.
Creator: Sune Lindqvist
Archive or Repository: 'Gotlands Bildsteine' vol. 1. Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm
Collection or Fond: Plate 61, Figure 142
Title: Men dressed in tight-fitting hose and long shirts on picture stone from Etelhem. Järnvägslinjen, Gotland, Sweden.
Creator: Sune Lindqvist
Archive or Repository: Gotlands Bildsteine, vol. 1, Wahlström & Widstarnd, Stockholm
Collection or Fond: Plate 20, Figure 62
Title: Religious rites depicted on stone from Lärbro, Stora Hammars, Gotland, Sweden.
Creator: Sune Lindqvist
Archive or Repository: Gotlands Bildsteine, vol. 1. Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm.
Collection or Fond: Plate 27, Figure 81
Title: Remains of Viking Age burial No. 660 at Birka, Sweden
Creator: After a field drawing by Hjalmar Stolpe
Publication: Arbman, Holger, 1943, "Birka," volume 1: Die Gräber [The Graves}
Publisher: KVHA
Pages: Figure 189
Title: Remains of Viking Age burial No. 660 at Birka, Sweden
Creator: Holger Arbman
Archive or Repository: Birka, volume 1: Die Gräber.
Notes: After a field drawing by Hjalmar Stolpe
Title: Remains of Viking Age burial No. 834 at Birka, Sweden
Creator: Holger Arbman
Archive or Repository: Birka, volume I: Die Gräber
Notes: After field drawing by Hjalmar Stolpe
Title: Greek lion sculpture from c. 400 BC inscribed with runes by Vikings 1400 years later. Originally in the Greek port of Pireus, the lion was moved to Venice in 1687.
Creator: Gösta Lundquist
Archive or Repository: Svenska Turistföreningen
Title: 19th century runestone on Frösön, Jämtland, Sweden
Creator: Erik Festin
Notes: Runestone erected in 1835. The inscription says :On the 27th of August 1835 King Carl XIV Johan greet the soldiers of Jämtland here.”
Title: Bracteate DR BR 21, from Over-Hornbœk, Denmark.
Creator: Erik Moltke
Notes: The runes are from Old Futhark, but the artist has not had proper knowledge of runes and has given some of them the wrong shape. A bracteate is a Germanic copy of a Roman coin meant to be worn on a chain.
Title: Newport Tower Photos, 1964
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology Section photo collection
Title: Glaumbær, an estate mentioned in the Saga of the Greenlanders
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Glaumbær Church
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Glaumbær, northern Iceland. According to the Saga of the Greenlanders Gudrid founded a convent here, but this may be a 13th-century editorial change.
Title: Gröf church
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Gröf church in northern Iceland dates to the 17th century but is built in the same way as the 11th-century church at Brattahlid. Like the latter it is surrouned by a circular cemetery.
Title: Landscape near Reykjavik
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Excellent pastures were available to the Norse colonists.
Title: Hķfstađir, remains of a chieftain's hall in northern Iceland
Creator: B. Wallce
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Icelandic forest in 1965
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: About 25 % of Iceland was forested when the Norse arrived. The trees were primarily birch. A couple of hundred years later most of the trees had been cut. Iceland became almost treeless with forests no bigger than these until recently when an extensive reforesting program was begun.
Title: Excavation of Hvítarholt 'longfire'
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Remains of ūingbúđ at Hegranes in northern Iceland
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Helge & Anne Stine
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad at their home in Oslo. In 1960 the Norwegian writer and explorer Helge Ingstad searched the coasts of Newfoundland's Northern Peninsula for evidence of the Norse. At L'Anse aux Meadows he was led to what the locals called the "old Indian camp" by George Decker, the descendant of the first settlers in the village. The place seemed so promising that Ingstad returned with a full-fledged archaeological expedition the next year. This expedition was led by his wife, Dr. Anne Stine Ingstad, a professional archaeologist.
Title: Reconstructed Mooring Pin
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 9752
Notes: Reconstructed "mooring pin" in mooring hole stone from Lake Latoka, Minnesota moved to the Runestone Museum in Alexandria, Minnesota.
Title: Mooring hole, Ten Mile Lake
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 9745
Notes: Mooring hole from Ten Mile Lake, Minnesota. It was this type of hole Pohl was looking for at Follins Pond.
Title: Blast Hole at Sinking Lake, Minnesota
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 7256
Notes: This type of holes, which have been blasted, occur frequently in the vicinity of mooring holes.
Title: Presumed site of Leif's house
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8036
Title: Presumed site of Leif's ship shoring place
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8938
Title: The Bass River
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8924
Title: Presumed house site
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8025
Title: Another Presumed House Site
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8027
Title: Presumed Site of Leif's House, from Distance
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 8033
Title: Mount Vernon Halberd
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 7168
Notes: Halberd found 1946 at Mount Vernon, SD, thought to have been lost by the expedition commemorated on the Kensington stone.
Title: Sunburg Axe
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology section
Reference Number: 9780
Notes: Axehead from Sunburg, Kandiyohi County, MN, thought to be associated with the Kensington stone inscription. Runestone Museum, Alexandria, MN
Title: Mora Axe
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 9786
Notes: Axehead found at Mora, Kanabec County, MN. Collection: Concordia College, Concordia, MN.
Title: Kensington Runestone, 1965
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Reference Number: 7535
Notes: The Kensington runestone. The Runestone Museum, Alexandria, MN.
Title: Lake Darling Halberd
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Collection or Fond: Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 9782
Notes: Halberd thought to be Norse found at Lake Darling, MN, now in the Runestone Museum, Alexandria, MN.
Title: Longfire Hearth Excavation, 1965
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: The hearth, 'longfire', typical of the Viking Age, in hall III at Hvítarholt in southern Iceland excavated 1962 to 1967.
Title: 11th-century burials at Kopparsvik, Gotland, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Skeletal studies yield important date such as age, sex, diet, disease, and DNA information.
Title: Excavation of the walled village of Eketorp, Öland, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The 'Ingvar' stone at Gripsholm, Mariefred, Sweden. About 25 runestones in Sweden commemorate men who died on Viking raids led by the Swede Ingvar in the Middle East.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Vinland Map Drawing in Pittsburgh Post Gazette, 1965
Creator: Assoicated Press Wirephoto
Notes: Map Drawn about 1440 A.D. which Yale scholars say proves Leif Ericson and Vikings explored North America half a century before Columbus set sail.
Title: Kungsåra Bench
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: The back of a wooden bench from Kungsåra, Sweden. Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm Sweden. The bench was originally painted in bright colours, and there were cushions on the seat.
Title: Staraja Ladoga (Novgorod) in Russia, the main centre for trade between Sweden and the Orient
Creator: Mårten Stenberger
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Tomahawk, 2nd half of 18th Century
Creator: Rodney Hilton Brown
Archive or Repository: American Polearms 1526-1865. The Lance, Halberd, Spontoon, Pike and Naval Boarding Weapons
Title: Pair of characteristic bronze brooches worn by women. From Birka, Sweden.
Creator: Sören Hallgren for Statens Historiska Museum and Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Archive or Repository: Objects in Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Collection or Fond: Seton's collection
Reference Number: 474:5
Title: The Parks Canada Crew 1975
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Notes: The Parks Canada crew in 1975. The archaeologists, surveyors and conservators came from outside the area, but all the excavators were local fishermen. These latter were incredibly skilled in archaeological digging. Some of them had worked with the Ingstads on the earlier excavations as had archaeological assistant Birgitta Wallace (right bottom row).
Title: Dr. Anne Stine Ingstad, Excavating
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Dr. Anne Stine Ingstad excavating hall A. The Ingstad excavations took place 1961-64 and 1966-1968.
Title: Dr. Anne Stine Ingstad, 1968
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Dr. Anne Stine Ingstad at L'Anse aux Meadows. The Ingstad excavations took place 1961-64 and 1966-1968.
Title: Tobacco Cutter
Creator: Leo Sarnaki
Archive or Repository: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Anthropology Section
Reference Number: 9749
Notes: Cutter used to cut plugs of tobacco. The cutters were produced in the 1890s as an advertisement gimmick by the American Tobacco Company. Collections of the National Museum of the American Indian, New York.
Title: Adelsö runestone, U11, Hovgården, Adelsö. Located by the ruins of the medieval royal seat Adelsö in Uppland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Publication: Personal Collection
Notes: The inscription says “You read the runes. Tolir, foreman in the King’s clearing had them cut correctly. Tolir and Gylla had the runes carved, this couple in memory of themselves. Hakon asked to have it carved. 11th Century.
Title: Birka, a Swedish trading centre
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Viking Age burial site before excavation, Märsta, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Excavation of Viking Age burial, Märsta, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: American broadaxe from 1835
Creator: Henry J. Kauffman
Publication: American Axes. A survey of their development and their makers.
Publisher: The Stephen Green Press
Pages: 65
Notes: "Broadaxe probably made and used in Pennsylvania. Dated axes and very uncommon, and the “1835” on this one is incorporated into the decorative design. Such patterns were made with very simple tools. (Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Farm Museum of Landis Valley)" Quote from: Henry J. Kauffman, 1972. American axes. A survey of their development and their makers. P. 65 Brattleboro, VT: The Stephen Green Press
Title: House A & B Excavations 1973
Creator: B. Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Notes: The remains of hall A, facing southwest. Although parts of the wall are gone, their former outline can be seen in the curved whitish outline in the foreground.
Title: Hall A Cross-Section through Wall
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Notes: The construction incorporated both sod strips and blocks. The dark brown blocks are sedge peat from the bog adjacent to the building.
Title: Hut C
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The walls of hut C remained to a height of about 30 cm. Facing southeast.
Title: Dr. Bengt Schönbäck, Leader of the 73-75 LAM Excavations
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Reference Number: 4A-1648T
Notes: The Parks Canada Agency manages all National Historic Sites of Canada. The agency created an International Advisory Committee to develop plans for the protection and development of the L'Anse aux Meadows site. The committee consisted of Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad and senior archaeologists from Canada and all the Scandinavian countries. The committee decided that further excavation was needed. Anne Stine Ingstad declined leadership of these as she had other tasks at hand. In her stead the committee called in Dr. Bengt Schönbäck from the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm Sweden. These excavations took place during the summers of 1973 to 1975.
Title: Photo Mosaic of A-B-C Complex Excavation
Creator: Bengt Schonback
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Laboratory
Notes: Photo mosaic made from many joined overhead photographs. The A-B-C complex. The map shows the Ingstad excavation and drainage trenches.
Title: 1973 Excavations
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1559T
Notes: The 1973 excavations covered the areas between the houses. Facing south. The structure in the centre is a shed erected over the furnace hut by the Ingstad expedition. It has since been removed.
Title: Black Duck Brook, 1973
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-355T
Title: Furnace Hut, Excavated
Creator: Bengt Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Reference Number: 4A-796T
Notes: The excavated floor of the furnace hut. Much of the sod on the walls was put there in 1962 to protect the remains of the original walls.
Title: Phosphate concentrations on the L'Anse aux Meadows site
Creator: B. Hebert for Parks Canada
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Agency, Halifax
Collection or Fond: Archaeology Laboratory
Title: Dorset Palaeoeskimo Tent Floor
Creator: Bengt Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-674T
Notes: Dorset Palaeoeskimo tent floor dating to the 7th century AD.
Title: Bog Ore
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1518T
Notes: The raw material for making iron was bog ore. The L'Anse aux Meadows area is rich in bog ore, which is constantly being formed along the brook and in the bogs.
Title: Hall D Walls, South End
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-445T
Notes: The southern end of the sod wall of hall D, facing northwest. The red-and-white bar is 1 m long.
Title: Hall D Turret Photo, Facing North
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-443T and 4A-445T
Notes: Below the modern turf, the old sod forms a patchy pattern. Hall D, facing north. The circular feature in the centre and the planks through the walls were inserted in 1964 to improve drainage.
Title: Hut E Stones in Corner
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Hut E , 1974. Facing west. The stones which may be weights for a fishing net or a loom are in the northwestern corner. The gravel is fill placed there in 1962.
Title: Photography
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1651T
Notes: Photography is an important element of excavation.
Title: Indian petroglyphs, Indian God Rock, Brandon, Venango County, Pennsylvania
Creator: James L. Swauger
Archive or Repository: Rock Art of the Upper Ohio Valley
Collection or Fond: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria
Reference Number: Plate 77
Title: L'Anse aux Meadows General View
Creator: The Parks Canada Crew 1975
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Reference Number: 4A-1235T
Title: Dorset Palaeoeskimo Harpoon Tips
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Notes: Characteristic small Dorset Palaeoeskimo harpoon heads dating from the 6th-8th centuries found at L'Anse aux Meadows. They are made from chert, a hard stone that can be shaped by small light strokes.
Title: Typical Artifacts of 9th-century Aboriginal Occupation
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Notes: Large spear heads or knives of chert were found in a large cooking pit west of hall F. They are typical of Indian implements from the the 9th century AD found on the site
Title: The Point Seperating Epaves Bay from Medee Bay
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology phopto collection
Title: Treenail
Creator: G. Vandervloogt
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: RA-2476B
Notes: Treenails like this were used in both boats and buildings. Parks Canada artifact #4A68T2-6.
Title: Treenail
Creator: G. Vandervloogt
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: RA-2476B
Notes: Treenails like this were used in both boats and buildings. Parks Canada artifact #4A68T2-6.
Title: Hall F Fireplace
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Notes: The remains of the longfire in room II of the large hall F. Facing north. The Norse had feasted on seal here.
Title: Village of L'Anse aux Meadows
Creator: Rock Chan
Archive or Repository: The Parks Canada Archaeology photo collection
Notes: Air photo of the village of L'Anse aux Meadows, 1994. facing north.
Title: Hall A Footprint
Creator: Bengt Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-982T
Notes: Hall A excavated and partly resodded. Hall A was the only one of the three halls not to have side rooms. However, it had four rooms which shows that it is of the same period as those with side rooms.
Title: High Summer Grass
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The grass is high in the summer.
Title: LAM in July
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Reference Number: 4A-1571T
Notes: The L'Anse aux Meadows landscape can be warm and inviting.
Title: Aboriginal Sites
Creator: Bengt Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Collection
Reference Number: 4A-1095T
Notes: The southern shore of Epaves Bay where most of the Aboriginal sites were located. the open area in the centre shows the excavation of some of them. Facing north.
Title: Hall F Wall Layers
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Collection or Fond: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1021T
Notes: The excavated profile (cross-section) of the northern wall of hall F, room I shows how the wall was built up of sedge peat sod along the edges and looser fill in the middle. Over the years, the sod has been compressed to a fraction of its original thickness.
Title: Hall D, Restored
Creator: Bengt Schönbäck
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1079T
Notes: Before excavation, the outlines of the walls were visible as low ridges, up to 30 cm high, but obscured by tall grass. In this photo the grass has been cut, and the sod replaced after completed excvation. Facing south.
Title: Recording Field Work
Creator: Charles Lindsay
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1141T
Notes: All aspects of the field work are recorded.
Title: L'Anse aux Meadows and Epaves Bay, facing east
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1563T
Title: Three Layers of Wood
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1630T
Notes: A cut through the bog showed the presence of three layers of wood. The building in the backgrund is a shelter erected by the Ingstad excavation over hut E. It has since been removed. Facing east.
Title: 1975 Excavation Helicopter Photo
Creator: B. Schonback
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-849T
Notes: The 1975 excavations. These excavations focussed on the bog margin bordering the Norse houses.
Title: Olaus Magnus Mooring Bolts
Creator: Olaus Magnus
Archive or Repository: Historia om de nordiska folken [History of the Nordic People]
Reference Number: vol. 2, Chapter 13
Notes: Figure in the 16th-century work by the Swedish Bishop Olaus Magnus used to corraborate the existence of mooring holes at Follins Pond. The figure shows the harbour in the large shipping centre Bergen in Norway in the 1550s. The title reads "About harbours with iron rings attached to rocks." The text states that the rings are permanently attached to the rock with molten lead. The rings were needed because the depth of the water was so great that one could not always use anchors.
Title: Birgitta Wallace, 1976
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Notes: Birgitta Wallace 1976. When Bengt Schönbäck returned to Sweden in 1975, Birgitta Wallace became the director for the last year of excavation, which took place in 1976. She has been the Parks Canada archaeologist for the site since then.
Title: Bog Excavation West of Hall A, 1976
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1164T
Notes: Thanks to the water and tannic acid in the bog, wood was perfectly preserved. The excavation required the trenches to be pumped out every morning. Facing northeast.
Title: Bog Excavation
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1441T
Notes: Excavation in a wet bog is difficult and often uncomfortable. The surfaces are so soft that one cannot walk on them without disturbing the stratigraphy.
Title: The spruce root bundle 4A71K4-2 in situ, 1976
Creator: Donald Brown
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1196T
Notes: Over 600 Norse wood pieces were found in the bog. Facing west.
Title: Bog Excavations, 1976
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology photo
Reference Number: 4A-1275T
Notes: The excavations in the bog continued in 1976. Excavation west of hall A. Facing northeast.
Title: Bog Excavation, Middle Layer
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1635T
Notes: The middle layer in the bog contained most of the worked wood. The wood had been worked with metal tools. Facing west
Title: Bog Excavations, Upper Layer
Creator: Donald Brown
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1116T
Notes: The upper layer, AD c. 1200-1600, contained some wood worked with stone tools. Facing west.
Title: Middle Layer Bog Excavation, Facing West
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1634T
Notes: The middle layer in the bog, dating from AD c. 600 to 1100. Facing west.
Title: Upper Layer Bog Excavation, Facing West
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology
Reference Number: 4A-1133T
Notes: The upper layer in the bog, dating to the period AD c. 1200-1600. Facing west.
Title: The bottom layer
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Agency
Collection or Fond: Archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1360T
Title: The Ameralla Fjord in the West Settlement
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: The Ameralla Fjord in the Western Settlement. The biggest estate in the district at the head of the fjord.
Title: Erik's Fjord (Tunulliarfik Fjord)
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Gardar (Igaliku) the most prosperous estate in Norse Greenland
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: Gardar (Igaliku), the most prosperous estate in Norse Greenland. The ruins are scattered among modern Inuit buildings.
Title: The green Qorlortoq Valley
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The green Qorlortoq Valley, which extends between Erik's Fjord [Tunulliarfik) and Isafjord (Sermilik). Erik the Red was not off the mark when he named this land Greenland.
Title: Qolortoq Valley
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Danish archaeologist Jørgen Meldgaard
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: In 1956 the Danish archaeologist Jørgen Meldgaard surveyed Newfoundland's Northern Peninsula in search of Norse sites. Meldgaard conducted test excavations at Westerbrook on Pistolet Bay but did not find any evidence of the Norse.
Title: Sandnes, the biggest estate in the West Settlement
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace collection
Title: Pollen monolith chart
Creator: J. H. McAndrews and A. Davis
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada, Halifax
Collection or Fond: Archaeology Laboratory
Title: Full-scale replica of hall A under construction
Creator: Brian Gallant for Parks Canada
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Agency
Collection or Fond: Archaeology photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1689T
Title: The excavated floor of the hall at Stöng, Iceland
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: The longfire is in the middle of the floor. The vertical stone supported wooden platforms along the walls. Several have fallen over.
Title: Reconstructed Stöng hall and Thjorsardalur valley
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Loom in National Museum of Iceland
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Spinning, weaving, knitting and sewing were female tasks. Weaving was done on an upright loom of the same design as this relatively recent loom in the collections of the National Museum of Iceland.
Title: Árbær outdoor museum, Reykjavik
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Sod buildings continued to be in use in Iceland well into the 20th century. The house in the foreground dates from around 1900. Sod houses were used until recently in Iceland. Nineteenth century fisherman’s house from eastern Iceland, now at Árbær outdoor museum, Reykjavik.
Title: Thjorsardalur Valley Southern Iceland
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Thjorsardalur, a valley in southern Iceland devastated by a volcanic eruption in 1104 and 1300.
Title: Reconstruction of the Hall at Stöng
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Notes: Reconstruction of the hall at Stöng in Thjorsardalur in southern Iceland, destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1104 and again in 1300.
Title: The Excavated Hall at Stöng
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The roof and all wooden elements had been destroyed and rotted away but the walls, the earth floor and stone parts of the construction remained. The remains have been roofed over and are open to tourists.
Title: Dorset Lamp
Creator: Dan Crawford
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Notes: This small soapstone oil lamp is a mystery. Such lamps are usually found only in the high Arctic and date from the late Dorset Palaeoeskimo period, that is from after the 11th century. The lamp was found embedded in the modern sod above the furnace hut at L'Anse aux Meadows (you can see it marked in the profile of the furnace hut). The hut had already collapsed when the lamp became embedded in the sod, so it postdates the Norse. A radiocarbon date on the material inside the lamp gave the result "modern." But how did it end up on the site?
Title: The reconstructed 'knorr' Saga Siglar in Halifax 1984 after crossing the Atlantic
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: 'Saga Siglar' in Halifax 1984
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Slag
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo collection
Reference Number: 4A-1519T
Notes: One of the byproducts of iron production is slag. Metallurgical analyses of the L'Anse aux Meadows slag showed that the producers had not been particularly skilful and that the furnace had been fired only once.
Title: Rune Calendars Mora Museum. Mora. Darlarna, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Personal Collection
Notes: Late 19th century Swedish rune calendar. Perpetual calendars where days and special holidays were indicated by runes were common in rural Sweden throughout the 19th century.
Title: Rök runestone, ög 136. Rök, Östergötland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Publication: Personal Collection
Notes: The Rök stone was erected c. 800, a period of transition from the Old to the New Futharks and contains runes from both futharks. Its inscription is longer than on any other runestone and contains elaborate poetic references to legendary events.
Title: Tower built at Glendalough monastery in Ireland to protect monastic treasures during Viking raids.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: View of Site Facing Northwest
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: View of the site facing northwest. Epaves Bay is to the left. It is separated from Medee Bay to the right by a low flat point, Beak Point. In the background is Great Sacred Island which forms a characteristic land mark. A small flat island, Warren Island lies just off Beak Point. The Labrador coast is visible in the background. The green outlines on the terrace to the right are the footprints of the Norse buildings.
Title: Bone pin with yarn from the East Settlement, Greenland
Creator: Leif C. Vebæk
Archive or Repository: "The Church Topography of the Eastern Settlement and the Excavation of the Benedictine Convent at Narsarsuaq in the Uunartoq Fjord."
Collection or Fond: Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society 14
Notes: Two needles of bone, one of them still with woolen thread in the eye. (Length of longest need;e, ca. 11 cm) These pins were found at the Norse site Narsarsuaq in the East Settlement in Greenland.
Title: Willow rope From Narsaq
Creator: Christen Leif Vebæk
Archive or Repository: “Narsaq — a Norse landnáma farm.”
Collection or Fond: Meddelelser om Grønland, Man and Society 17
Notes: 'This hoop from the Norse site Narsaq in the East Settlement in Greenland was made in the same way as the rope stumps from L'Anse aux Meadows.'
Title: 13th-century door from ‘The Farm Below the Sand’, Greenland
Creator: Joel Berglund and Arneborg Jette
Archive or Repository: “Gården under Sandet.” tusaat, Forskning i Grønland, 4
Reference Number: 7-19
Notes: Door found at the "Farm beneth the sand" in the West Settlement, Greenland. It was made of three wide planks held together with two horizontals attached with treenails. The door is 1.10 m high.
Title: Bracteate from Tjurkö, Augerum parish. Blekinge. Statens Historiska Museum # 1453, Stockholm.
Creator: Unknown
Editor: Anita Knape
Publication: Guldets magi i saga och verklighet
Publisher: Statens Historiska Museum
Pages: 52
Notes: The bracteate, which is of gold and measures 27cm in diameter, has an inscription in Proto-Norse in Old Futhark runes. It says “Hald made the runes on the French gold.”
Title: Isle of Skye in the Hebrides.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Chesterton Mill, England
Creator: Johannes Hertz
Archive or Repository: Round Church or Windmill? New Light on the the Newport Tower, Rhode Island, USA
Title: American Dune Grass
Creator: Kevin Leonard
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: American dune grass, [[italics]]Elymus mollis[[/]], Saint-John River valley, New Brunswick.
Title: Wild Grapes
Creator: Kevin Leonard
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Wild grapes, [[italics]]Vitis riparia[[/]], Saint -John river valley, New Brunswick.
Title: Wild Grapevines
Creator: Kevin Leonard
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Wild grapevines climbing tree, Saint-John River valley, New Brunswick.
Title: Picture Stone from Tjängvide, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Personal Collection
Notes: Now in Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Title: Cupboard front with runic inscription dating to 1878 in the collections of the National Museum. Reykjavik.
Creator: Guđmundur Ingķlfsson
Publication: Árbķk hins íslenzka fornleifafélags
Pages: Cover
Notes: In Iceland runes were commonly carved on wooden household articles throughout the 19th century.
Title: Skķgar, 19th-century farm in southern Iceland
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: Personal Collection
Title: Birds at LAM
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The off-shore islands and the rocky outcrops are covered with birds.
Title: Woman with an elaborate hairdo or headdress and dressed in long pleated dress and a cape, holding drinking horns. Picture stone from Tjängvide, Gotland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Collection or Fond: Stone now in Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: G110
Title: Men in trousers and long shirts on picture stone from Tjängvide, Gotland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Collection or Fond: Stone now in Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm
Reference Number: G110
Title: Butternut, Juglans cinerea, a North American member of the walnut family.
Creator: Shane Kelly for Parks Canada
Archive or Repository: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site
Notes: Three butternuts and a butternut wood burl were found in the Norse layers. Butternuts have never grown north of eastern New Brunswick. This means that they were brought to the site by the Norse, indicating that the Norse had travelled at least as far south as New Brunswick. The butternuts grow in the same areas as wild grapes, so the Norse who picked the nuts probably encountered grapes as well.
Title: Stöng Reproduction Doorway
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Thingvellir
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Stöng Reconstruction Sod Laying Patterns
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Stöng reconstruction. Some Icelandic sod laying patterns are highly decorative.
Title: Stöng bedcloset
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Necessities Aboard Ship
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Necessities aboard ship. Viking Ship Museum, exhibits, Roskilde, Denmark.
Title: Stöng Hall Reconstruction Interior
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Interior of the reconstructed Stöng hall.It is probably somewhat more elaborate than the original.
Title: Boat Repair Shed
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Model showing the boat repair shed attached to hall F.
Title: Ingstad Plaque
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: Plaque commemorating the Ingstad discoveries at L'Anse aux Meadows, now a National Historic Site of Canada.
Title: L'Anse aux Meadows Models Overview
Creator: Rob Ferguson and Thomas Lackey
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Photo Collection
Notes: Models by David Coldwell depicting site as it may have been in 11th century. Top model is in the City Museum, Reykjavik, Iceland. Bottom model is on exhibit at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site.
Title: Thingvellir, Iceland
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Birch bark cup.
Creator: Peter Harholdt for the Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution
Archive or Repository: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site
Reference Number: 4A68H3-14
Title: Runestone by Hög church, Hs no number, Hälsingland, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: The text says: “Vitfast had this stone erected in memory of Udde, his father. God help his soul. They carved the runes, Alver and Brand.” 11[[superscript]] th[[/superscript]]Century.
Title: Runestone by Hög church, Hs 12, Hälsingland, Sweden
Creator: B. Wallace
Publication: Personal Collection
Notes: The text says: “Gudnjut Truson has this stone erected and made the bridge in memory of his brothers Åsbjörn and [Ganlev?]”. The stone has a Christian cross and dates to the 11[[superscript]] th[[/superscript]]Century.
Title: The Badlelunda Stone, Vem 13, Badelunda, Västmanland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Personal Collection
Notes: Runestone by large burial mound, the Anund Mound, at Badelunda, Västmanland, Sweden. The text says “Folkvid had all these stones raised in memory of Heden, his son, Anund’s brother. Vred cut the runes.”
Title: Maglehøj stone. Runestone at the Maglehøj burial mound near Ølstykke church, Sealand, Denmark.
Creator: B. Wallace
Publication: Personal Collection
Notes: Runestones carved in the period 1835-1890. One of three stones commissioned by the Revered K.E. Møhl; in memory of his wife who died in 1835. The stones were placed around a Bronze Age burial mound. The runes are a mixture of the Old and New Futharks. The text on this one says “Don’t cry, only remember.”
Title: Gripsholm runestone, SÖ 179 by Gripsholm castle in Mariefred, Kämbo parish Södermanland, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: The stone is one of the so called Ingvar stones commemorating men who participated and died in the attacks led by the chieftain Ingvar in Serkland, the land of the Saracens. Probably present-day Iraq. The text says “Tola had this stone erected in memory of Harald. Ingvar’s brother. They went away like men/ far away seeking gold/and in the east/ gave the eagle food [died in battle]. They died southward/ in Serkland.” The expedition was a failure, and nobody seems to have returned. Circa 1040.
Title: Bure’s Stone, M1 in Nolby, Medelpad, Sweden.
Creator: B. Wallace
Notes: The inscription says: “Bergsven and Sigfast and Fride erected this stone in memory of Bure, their father. And Fartegn carved [the runes].” 11th Century.
Title: 14th Century Icelandic Gravestone at Höskuld church in Skagaströnd
Creator: Ūķrgunnur Snædal
Publication: "Íslenskar rúnir í Norrænu ljķsi", Árbķk hins íslenzka fornleifafélags
Pages: 5-33, fig. 9
Notes: The inscription says HER HUILIR SIRA MARTEINN PRESTR “Here rests Sir Martin Priest.” Late 14th century.
Title: Bottom of wooden milk bowl from Liden in Älvdalen, Darlarna, Sweden. Dated to 1792
Creator: Ūķrgunnur Snædal
Publication: “Íslenskar rúnir í Norrænu ljķsi” Árbķk hins íslenzka fornleifafélags 98
Pages: 5-33, fig. 5
Notes: The inscription says EES OPS 1782:DÅ:VAR:IAG:HÄR:WID:MAK;MYRA;I;FRÅN 26 IULI: TIL AUGUSTI:06 : INTE:BÄRGA:ET: STRÅ:GUD:VET:WAD:SOM:BLIR:AF:OS:I:ÅR WI HOP:PAS:DÄ:BÄSTA:MAK:MYR:DEN 3 AUGUSTI 1782:EES “E[rik] E[re]s[on] O[lof] P[er]s[son] 1782 then I was here at Makmyr from the 26 of July to 4 August and did not harvest a straw. God knows what will become of us this year. We hope for the best. Makmyr the 3 August 1782. E[rik] E[rs]s[on].
Title: Production of Bog Ore in Smelting Furnace
Creator: Darlene Hamilton
Archive or Repository: Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga
Collection or Fond: The Smithsonian Institution
Reference Number: Page 47
Title: Parkers Brook, Pistolet Bay NL
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Parkers Brook, Pistolet Bay, Newfoundland. Facing north. William Munn believed that the main Vinland settlement was on Pistolet Bay, about 25 km southwest of L'Anse aux Meadows near Parkers Brook.
Title: Furnace Hut Model
Creator: David Coldwell
Archive or Repository: Smithsonian Exhibit Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga
Notes: The furnace hut as it may have appeared in the 11th century.
Title: Furnace Hut Location, Modern Day
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The furnace hut was set into the brook bank at a point of small rapids. It was open to the brook.
Title: Bog Ore Collection
Creator: Robert Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Model showing the collection of bog ore along the bog at L'Anse aux Meadows. Model by David Coldwell for the Smithsonian exhibit Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, 2000.
Title: Westerbrook, Pistolet Bay NL
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Danish archaeologist, Jørgen Meldgaard, conducted test excavations at Westerbrook in 1956 but did not find any evidence of the Norse.
Title: LAM Visitors' Centre
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: After the completion of the Ingstad excavations in 1968, the historical significance of the L'Anse aux Meadows site was recognized by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, and in 1975 a Federal-Provincial agreement was signed to make it a National Historic Site of Canada. All such sites are managed by the [[link http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_E.asp]] Parks Canada Agency [[/link]], In 1978, the site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the first site in the world to be so honoured. There is now a modern Visitor Centre on the site with an exhibit featuring the site.
Title: Nytt om runer, cover
Creator: Unknown
Editor: James E. Knirk
Publication: Nytt om runer. Meldingsblad om runeforskning [News about Runes. Bulletin for Rune Research] No. 16
Publisher: University of Oslo
Pages: cover
Notes: (published 2003)
Title: Ingstad Bust
Creator: Dale Wells
Notes: Bust of Anne Stine and Helge Ingstad commemorating the Ingstad discoveries at L'Anse aux Meadows, now a National Historic Site of Canada.
Title: East Settlement Ruin E40a
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Notes: East Settlement ruin E40a, one of the best preserved ruins.
![Statue of Leif Eriksson erected at Brattahlid [Quassiarsuk] in 2000](../../images/site/164276_1.jpg)
Title: Statue of Leif Eriksson erected at Brattahlid [Quassiarsuk] in 2000
Creator: Steffan Stumman Hansen
Title: Qorlortoq Valley
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Notes: The buildings are modern inuit farms.
![Erik's Fjord [Tunulliarfik] Facing West](../../images/site/164278_1.jpg)
Title: Ruins of a Viking Age church in Leirvik, Faeroe Islands
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Notes: Presumed site of Brattahlid. The grassy outline in front is what remains of the 11th-century church built by Thjodhild, wife of Erik the Red.
Title: Thjodhild's Church, Reconstruction
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Notes: Brattahlid, Greenland. Reconstruction of "Thjodhild's church." In the background: reconstruction of Erik the Red's Icelandic hall.
Title: The Furnace Hut Reconstruction
Creator: Rebecca Harrison
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Reconstruction of the furnace hut. at L'Anse aux Meadows. The stone in the foreground, set on a tree stump, is where the iron was beaten with a sledge hammer as soon as it was retrieved from the furnace. This drove out some of the non-iron particles so that the iron could then be forged into the desired products. — The furnace can be seen in the background
Title: Birgitta Wallace & Clayton Colburne, 2002
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: Parks Canada Archaeology Photo Collection
Notes: Birgitta Wallace with Parks Canada guide Clayton Colbourne, one of the locals who helped excavate the site in the 1970s.
Title: Ruins of a Viking Age church surrounded by a sub-circular cemetery wall at Leirvik, the Faeroes Islands.
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Archive or Repository: Steffen Stumman Hansen photo collection
Title: Reconstruction of church possibly built by Leif Leif Eriksson's mother Thjodhild
Creator: Steffen Stumman Hansen
Archive or Repository: Stumman Hansen private colelction
Title: Reconstruction drawing of Birka burial No. 660
Creator: Thķrhallur Thráinsson
Archive or Repository: Neil S. Price, The Viking Way. Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia.
Collection or Fond: Figure 3.5
Title: Reconstruction drawings of burial No. 834 at Birka, Sweden
Creator: Thķrhallur Thráinsson
Archive or Repository: Neil Price, The Viking Way. Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
Collection or Fond: Figures 3.8a and 3.8b
Title: Shoreline
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: The shoreline facing northeast. In the background the replica buildings just north of the actual site.
Title: Statue of Leif Eriksson in Reykjavik
Creator: Peter van der Krogt
Archive or Repository: http://leiferiksson.vanderkrogt.net/index.html
Collection or Fond: LEIF ERIKSSON MONUMENTS PAGES
Title: Icelandic Viking Age Bed
Creator: Lorettta Decker
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Icelandic Viking Age bedstead, reconstructed.
Title: Cooking Scene
Creator: Viking Heritage Magazine
Notes: A cooking scene may have looked something like this.
Title: Butternut tress along the Miramich river
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Miramichi River
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Miramichi river near its mouth
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Miramichi River at the Point the River Makes an Oxbow
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Large Hardwood Trees, Eastern NB
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Notes: Eastern New Brunswick has large stands of hardwood trees.
Title: The Miramichi River Island
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Newport Tower, 2004
Creator: Rob Ferguson
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: The Carl Emil Larsson letter from 1883 Edward Larsson collection. DAUM, Archives of Dialects and Ethnology, Umeå, Sweden.
Creator: Tryggve Sköld
Publication: Kensingtonstenens språk” Daum-katta vol. 1, No. 2
Pages: 5-12
Notes: Runes used among itinerant apprentices as a form of “secret” script in rural areas in north-central Sweden. The runes are quite different from medieval runes, but a medieval “pentadic” system of dates has been maintained.
Title: Area View Facing Northwest
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Private Collection
Notes: Area view facing northwest. In the background Cape Ardoise, Little Sacred Island and Great Sacred Island. The Labrador coast can be distinguished behind them.
Title: Black Duck Pond
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Notes: Black Duck Pond, the source of Black Duck Brook. Facing northwest
Title: View from Ridge South of Site
Creator: B. Wallace
Collection or Fond: B. Wallace Personal Collection
Title: Viking Reenactors in the Replica of Hall A
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: B. Wallace photo collection
Title: Round church from the late 12th century at Bjernede, Denmark
Creator: Margareta Bekmose
Archive or Repository: Margareta Bekmose private collection
Title: Inside the Hall A Replica
Creator: Loretta Decker
Archive or Repository: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site photo collection
Title: A Bed in the Hall A Replica
Creator: Loretta Decker
Archive or Repository: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site photo collection
Title: The Braaid, site of a Norse farm on the Isle of Man on a former Celtic site
Creator: Andrew McDonald
Archive or Repository: Andrew McDonald photo collection
Title: Stone cross in a church, the Kirk Michael on the Isle of Man, showing a mix of Norse and Celtic artistic styles.
Creator: Andrew McDonald
Archive or Repository: Andrew McDonald photo colelction
Title: Norse artifact distribution at L'Anse aux Meadows
Creator: Vis-ā-Vis Graphics, St. John's
Title: Development of Germanic languages
Creator: B. Wallace
Archive or Repository: Personal collection
Title: Iron ring inscribed with runes in Forsa, Hälsingland, Sweden. The inscription is a legal document.
Creator: Jens Bekmose
Archive or Repository: Jens Bekmose private collection, courtesy Forsa-Högs parish via Eivor Mähler
Collection or Fond: The ring was originally in the church. It is now in the parish office, with a copy in the church.
Title: Detail of the Forsa ring.
Creator: Jens Bekmose
Archive or Repository: Jens Bekmose private collection, courtesy Forsa-Högs parish via Eivor Mähler
Collection or Fond: The ring is in Forsa-Högs parish office
